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Time stretching is the process of changing the speed or duration of an audio signal without affecting its pitch. Pitch scaling is the opposite: the process of changing the pitch without affecting the speed. Pitch shift is pitch scaling implemented in an effects unit and intended for live performance. Pitch control is a simpler process which affects pitch and speed simultaneously by slowing down or speeding up a recording.
These processes are often used to match the pitches and tempos of two pre-recorded clips for mixing when the clips cannot be reperformed or resampled. Time stretching is often used to adjust radio commercials[1] and the audio of television advertisements[2] to fit exactly into the 30 or 60 seconds available. It can be used to conform longer material to a designated time slot, such as a 1-hour broadcast.
Resampling[edit]
The simplest way to change the duration or pitch of a digital audio clip is through sample rate conversion. This is a mathematical operation that effectively rebuilds a continuous waveform from its discrete samples and then re-samples that waveform again at a different rate. When the new samples are played at the original sampling frequency, the audio clip sounds faster or slower. Unfortunately, the frequencies in the sample are always scaled at the same ratio as the speed, transposing its perceived pitch up or down in the process. In other words, slowing down the recording lowers the pitch, speeding it up raises the pitch. This is analogous to speeding up or slowing down an analogue recording, like a phonograph record or tape, creating the Chipmunk effect. Thus the two effects cannot be separated when using this method. A drum track containing no pitched instruments can be moderately sample-rate converted for tempo without adverse effects, but a pitched track cannot.
Frequency domain[edit]
Phase vocoder[edit]
One way of stretching the length of a signal without affecting the pitch is to build a phase vocoder after Flanagan, Golden, and Portnoff.
Basic steps:
- compute the instantaneous frequency/amplitude relationship of the signal using the STFT, which is the discrete Fourier transform of a short, overlapping and smoothly windowed block of samples;
- apply some processing to the Fourier transform magnitudes and phases (like resampling the FFT blocks); and
- perform an inverse STFT by taking the inverse Fourier transform on each chunk and adding the resulting waveform chunks, also called overlap and add (OLA).[3]
The phase vocoder handles sinusoid components well, but early implementations introduced considerable smearing on transient ('beat') waveforms at all non-integer compression/expansion rates, which renders the results phasey and diffuse. Recent improvements allow better quality results at all compression/expansion ratios but a residual smearing effect still remains.
The phase vocoder technique can also be used to perform pitch shifting, chorusing, timbre manipulation, harmonizing, and other unusual modifications, all of which can be changed as a function of time.
Sinusoidal spectral modeling[edit]
Another method for time stretching relies on a spectral model of the signal. In this method, peaks are identified in frames using the STFT of the signal, and sinusoidal 'tracks' are created by connecting peaks in adjacent frames. The tracks are then re-synthesized at a new time scale. This method can yield good results on both polyphonic and percussive material, especially when the signal is separated into sub-bands. However, this method is more computationally demanding than other methods.[citation needed]
Time domain[edit]
SOLA[edit]
Rabiner and Schafer in 1978 put forth an alternate solution that works in the time domain: attempt to find the period (or equivalently the fundamental frequency) of a given section of the wave using some pitch detection algorithm (commonly the peak of the signal's autocorrelation, or sometimes cepstral processing), and crossfade one period into another.
This is called time-domain harmonic scaling[5] or the synchronized overlap-add method (SOLA) and performs somewhat faster than the phase vocoder on slower machines but fails when the autocorrelation mis-estimates the period of a signal with complicated harmonics (such as orchestral pieces).
Adobe Audition (formerly Cool Edit Pro) seems to solve this by looking for the period closest to a center period that the user specifies, which should be an integer multiple of the tempo, and between 30 Hz and the lowest bass frequency.
This is much more limited in scope than the phase vocoder based processing, but can be made much less processor intensive, for real-time applications. It provides the most coherent results[citation needed] for single-pitched sounds like voice or musically monophonic instrument recordings.
High-end commercial audio processing packages either combine the two techniques (for example by separating the signal into sinusoid and transient waveforms), or use other techniques based on the wavelet transform, or artificial neural network processing[citation needed], producing the highest-quality time stretching.
Frame-based approach[edit]
In order to preserve an audio signal's pitch when stretching or compressing its duration, many time-scale modification (TSM) procedures follow a frame-based approach.[6]Given an original discrete-time audio signal, this strategy's first step is to split the signal into short analysis frames of fixed length.The analysis frames are spaced by a fixed number of samples, called the analysis hopsize.To achieve the actual time-scale modification, the analysis frames are then temporally relocatedto have a synthesis hopsize.This frame relocation results in a modification of the signal's duration by a stretching factor of.However, simply superimposing the unmodified analysis frames typically results in undesired artifactssuch as phase discontinuities or amplitude fluctuations.To prevent these kinds of artifacts, the analysis frames are adapted to form synthesis frames, prior tothe reconstruction of the time-scale modified output signal.
The strategy of how to derive the synthesis frames from the analysis frames is a key difference amongdifferent TSM procedures.
Speed hearing and speed talking[edit]
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For the specific case of speech, time stretching can be performed using PSOLA.
While one might expect speeding up to reduce comprehension,Herb Friedman says that 'Experiments have shown that the brain works most efficiently if the information rate through the ears—via speech—is the 'average' reading rate, which is about 200–300 wpm (words per minute), yet the average rate of speech is in the neighborhood of 100–150 wpm.'[7]
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Speeding up audio is seen as the equivalent of speed reading.[8][9]
Pitch scaling[edit]
These techniques can also be used to transpose an audio sample while holding speed or duration constant. This may be accomplished by time stretching and then resampling back to the original length. Alternatively, the frequency of the sinusoids in a sinusoidal model may be altered directly, and the signal reconstructed at the appropriate time scale.
Transposing can be called frequency scaling or pitch shifting, depending on perspective.
For example, one could move the pitch of every note up by a perfect fifth, keeping the tempo the same.One can view this transposition as 'pitch shifting', 'shifting' each note up 7 keys on a piano keyboard, or adding a fixed amount on the Mel scale, or adding a fixed amount in linear pitch space.One can view the same transposition as 'frequency scaling', 'scaling' (multiplying) the frequency of every note by 3/2.
Musical transposition preserves the ratios of the harmonic frequencies that determine the sound's timbre, unlike the frequency shift performed by amplitude modulation, which adds a fixed frequency offset to the frequency of every note. (In theory one could perform a literal pitch scaling in which the musical pitch space location is scaled [a higher note would be shifted at a greater interval in linear pitch space than a lower note], but that is highly unusual, and not musical.[citation needed])
Time domain processing works much better here, as smearing is less noticeable, but scaling vocal samples distorts the formants into a sort of Alvin and the Chipmunks-like effect, which may be desirable or undesirable.A process that preserves the formants and character of a voice involves analyzing the signal with a channel vocoder or LPC vocoder plus any of several pitch detection algorithms and then resynthesizing it at a different fundamental frequency.
A detailed description of older analog recording techniques for pitch shifting can be found within the Alvin and the Chipmunks entry.
See also[edit]
- Dynamic tonality — real-time changes of tuning and timbre
References[edit]
- ^https://web.archive.org/web/20080527184101/http://www.tvtechnology.com/features/audio_notes/f_audionotes.shtml
- ^http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v9n7/122_Variable_speech.php
- ^Jont B. Allen (June 1977). 'Short Time Spectral Analysis, Synthesis, and Modification by Discrete Fourier Transform'. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. ASSP-25 (3): 235–238.
- ^McAulay, R. J.; Quatieri, T. F. (1988), 'Speech Processing Based on a Sinusoidal Model'(PDF), The Lincoln Laboratory Journal, 1 (2): 153–167, archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-05-21, retrieved 2014-09-07
- ^David Malah (April 1979). 'Time-domain algorithms for harmonic bandwidth reduction and time scaling of speech signals'. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. ASSP-27 (2): 121–133.
- ^Jonathan Driedger and Meinard Müller (2016). 'A Review of Time-Scale Modification of Music Signals'. Applied Sciences. 6 (2): 57. doi:10.3390/app6020057.
- ^Variable Speech, Creative Computing Vol. 9, No. 7 / July 1983 / p. 122
- ^http://www.nevsblog.com/2006/06/23/listen-to-podcasts-in-half-the-time/
- ^https://web.archive.org/web/20060902102443/http://cid.lib.byu.edu/?p=128
External links[edit]
- Time Stretching and Pitch Shifting Overview A comprehensive overview of current time and pitch modification techniques by Stephan Bernsee
- Stephan Bernsee's smbPitchShift C source code C source code for doing frequency domain pitch manipulation
- pitchshift.js from KievII A Javascript pitchshifter based on smbPitchShift code, from the open source KievII library
- The Phase Vocoder: A Tutorial - A good description of the phase vocoder
- How to build a pitch shifter Theory, equations, figures and performances of a real-time guitar pitch shifter running on a DSP chip
- ZTX Time Stretching Library Free and commercial versions of a popular 3rd party time stretching library for iOS, Linux, Windows and Mac OS X
- Elastique by zplane commercial cross-platform library, mainly used by DJ and DAW manufacturers
- Voice Synth from Qneo - specialized synthesizer for creative voice sculpting
- TSM toolbox Free MATLAB implementations of various Time-Scale Modification procedures
- Pitch Shifter Audio Tool Online pitch-shifting audio tool implemented by SoundTouch algorithm
About Orangevocoder.dlllink
The Orangevocoder.dll file is a system file including functions needed by many softwares, games, and system tools. This dll file is produced by the Prosoniq Products Software.
The Orangevocoder.dll file is 1.21 MB. The download links for this file are clean and no user has given any negative feedback. From the time it was offered for download, it has been downloaded 2808 times and it has received 3.8 out of 5 stars.
Table of Contents
- Methods to Solve the Orangevocoder.dll Errors
- Method 5: Getting Rid of Orangevocoder.dll Errors by Updating the Windows Operating System
Operating Systems Compatible with the Orangevocoder.dll Filelink
Other Versions of the Orangevocoder.dll Filelink
The newest version of the Orangevocoder.dll file is the 2.0.0.0 version. This dll file only has one version. No other version has been released.
- 2.0.0.0 - 32 Bit (x86)Download this version
How to Download Orangevocoder.dll File?link
- Click on the green-colored 'Download' button (The button marked in the picture below).
- When you click the 'Download' button, the 'Downloading' window will open. Don't close this window until the download process begins. The download process will begin in a few seconds based on your Internet speed and computer.
Methods to Solve the Orangevocoder.dll Errorslink
ATTENTION! In order to install the Orangevocoder.dll file, you must first download it. If you haven't downloaded it, before continuing on with the installation, download the file. If you don't know how to download it, all you need to do is look at the dll download guide found on the top line.
Method 1: Copying the Orangevocoder.dll File to the Windows System Folderlink
- The file you downloaded is a compressed file with the '.zip' extension. In order to install it, first, double-click the '.zip' file and open the file. You will see the file named 'Orangevocoder.dll' in the window that opens up. This is the file you need to install. Drag this file to the desktop with your mouse's left button.
- Copy the 'Orangevocoder.dll' file and paste it into the 'C:WindowsSystem32' folder.
- If your system is 64 Bit, copy the 'Orangevocoder.dll' file and paste it into 'C:WindowssysWOW64' folder.
NOTE! On 64 Bit systems, you must copy the dll file to both the 'sysWOW64' and 'System32' folders. In other words, both folders need the 'Orangevocoder.dll' file.
- First, we must run the Windows Command Promptas an administrator.
NOTE! We ran the Command Prompt on Windows 10. If you are using Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista or Windows XP, you can use the same methods to run the Command Prompt as an administrator.
- Open the Start Menu and type in 'cmd', but don't press Enter. Doing this, you will have run a search of your computer through the Start Menu. In other words, typing in 'cmd' we did a search for the Command Prompt.
- When you see the 'Command Prompt' option among the search results, push the 'CTRL' + 'SHIFT' + 'ENTER ' keys on your keyboard.
- A verification window will pop up asking, 'Do you want to run the Command Prompt as with administrative permission?' Approve this action by saying, 'Yes'.
- Let's copy the command below and paste it in the Command Line that comes up, then let's press Enter. This command deletes the Orangevocoder.dll file's problematic registry in the Windows Registry Editor(The file that we copied to the System32 folder does not perform any action with the file, it just deletes the registry in the Windows Registry Editor. The file that we pasted into the System32 folder will not be damaged).
%windir%System32regsvr32.exe /u Orangevocoder.dll
- If you are using a Windows version that has 64 Bit architecture, after running the above command, you need to run the command below. With this command, we will clean the problematic Orangevocoder.dll registry for 64 Bit(The cleaning process only involves the registries in Regedit. In other words, the dll file you pasted into the SysWoW64 will not be damaged).
%windir%SysWoW64regsvr32.exe /u Orangevocoder.dll
- We need to make a clean registry for the dll file's registry that we deleted from Regedit (Windows Registry Editor). In order to accomplish this, copy and paste the command below into the Command Line and press Enter key.
%windir%System32regsvr32.exe /i Orangevocoder.dll
- Windows 64 Bit users must run the command below after running the previous command. With this command, we will create a clean and good registry for the Orangevocoder.dll file we deleted.
%windir%SysWoW64regsvr32.exe /i Orangevocoder.dll
- If you did the processes in full, the installation should have finished successfully. If you received an error from the command line, you don't need to be anxious. Even if the Orangevocoder.dll file was installed successfully, you can still receive error messages like these due to some incompatibilities. In order to test whether your dll problem was solved or not, try running the software giving the error message again. If the error is continuing, try the 2nd Method to solve this problem.
Method 2: Copying The Orangevocoder.dll File Into The Software File Folderlink
- First, you must find the installation folder of the software (the software giving the dll error) you are going to install the dll file to. In order to find this folder, 'Right-Click > Properties' on the software's shortcut.
- Open the software file folder by clicking the Open File Location button in the 'Properties' window that comes up.
- Copy the Orangevocoder.dll file into the folder we opened up.
- That's all there is to the installation process. Run the software giving the dll error again. If the dll error is still continuing, completing the 3rd Method may help solve your problem.
Method 3: Uninstalling and Reinstalling the Software That Is Giving the Orangevocoder.dll Errorlink
- Open the Run window by pressing the 'Windows' + 'R' keys on your keyboard at the same time. Type in the command below into the Run window and push Enter to run it. This command will open the 'Programs and Features' window.
appwiz.cpl
- The Programs and Features screen will come up. You can see all the softwares installed on your computer in the list on this screen. Find the software giving you the dll error in the list and right-click it. Click the 'Uninstall' item in the right-click menu that appears and begin the uninstall process.
- A window will open up asking whether to confirm or deny the uninstall process for the software. Confirm the process and wait for the uninstall process to finish. Restart your computer after the software has been uninstalled from your computer.
- 4. After restarting your computer, reinstall the software that was giving you the error.
- This process may help the dll problem you are experiencing. If you are continuing to get the same dll error, the problem is most likely with Windows. In order to fix dll problems relating to Windows, complete the 4th Method and 5th Method.
Method 4: Solving the Orangevocoder.dll Error using the Windows System File Checker (sfc /scannow)link
- First, we must run the Windows Command Promptas an administrator.
NOTE! We ran the Command Prompt on Windows 10. If you are using Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista or Windows XP, you can use the same methods to run the Command Prompt as an administrator.
- Open the Start Menu and type in 'cmd', but don't press Enter. Doing this, you will have run a search of your computer through the Start Menu. In other words, typing in 'cmd' we did a search for the Command Prompt.
- When you see the 'Command Prompt' option among the search results, push the 'CTRL' + 'SHIFT' + 'ENTER ' keys on your keyboard.
- A verification window will pop up asking, 'Do you want to run the Command Prompt as with administrative permission?' Approve this action by saying, 'Yes'.
- After typing the command below into the Command Line, push Enter.
sfc /scannow
- Depending on your computer's performance and the amount of errors on your system, this process can take some time. You can see the progress on the Command Line. Wait for this process to end. After the scan and repair processes are finished, try running the software giving you errors again.
Method 5: Getting Rid of Orangevocoder.dll Errors by Updating the Windows Operating Systemlink
Most of the time, softwares have been programmed to use the most recent dll files. If your operating system is not updated, these files cannot be provided and dll errors appear. So, we will try to solve the dll errors by updating the operating system.
Since the methods to update Windows versions are different from each other, we found it appropriate to prepare a separate article for each Windows version. You can get our update article that relates to your operating system version by using the links below.
Guides to Manually Update the Windows Operating Systemlink
The Most Seen Orangevocoder.dll Errorslink
When the Orangevocoder.dll file is damaged or missing, the softwares that use this dll file will give an error. Not only external softwares, but also basic Windows softwares and tools use dll files. Because of this, when you try to use basic Windows softwares and tools (For example, when you open Internet Explorer or Windows Media Player), you may come across errors. We have listed the most common Orangevocoder.dll errors below.
You will get rid of the errors listed below when you download the Orangevocoder.dll file from DLL Downloader.com and follow the steps we explained above.
- 'Orangevocoder.dll not found.' error
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- 'Cannot register Orangevocoder.dll.' error
- 'Cannot find Orangevocoder.dll.' error
- 'This application failed to start because Orangevocoder.dll was not found. Re-installing the application may fix this problem.' error
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The Location on our Site of the Orangevocoder.dll Filelink
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- Prosoniq Products Software
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- Prosoniq Products Software + Windows 8.1
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- Windows 10
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